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Common standards for metals:
Australia - AS (Australian Standart)
Austria - ONORM
Belgium - NBN
Bulgaria - BDS
Hungary - MSZ
United Kingdom - B.S. (British Standart)
Germany - DIN (Deutsche Normen), WN
European Union - EN (European Norm)
Italy - UNI (Italian National Standards)
Spaine - UNE (Espaniol National Standards)
Canada - CSA (Canadian Standards Association)
China - GB
Norway - NS (Standards Norway)
Poland - PN (Poland Norm)
Romania - STAS
Russia - TU, GOST
USA - AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute),ACI (American Concrete Institute),ANSI (American National Standards Institute),AMS (American Mathematical Society: Mathematics Research and Scholarship),API (American Petroleum Institute),ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers),ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials),AWS (American Welding Society),SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers), UNS
Finland - SFS (Finnish Standards Association)
France - AFNOR NF (association francaise de normalisation)
Czech Republic - CSN (Czech State Norm)
Sweden - SS (Swedish Standart)
Switzerland - SNV (Schweizerische Normen-Vereinigung)
Japan - JIS (Japanese Industrial Standart)
International standart - ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
In the USA used more metals and alloys refer to systems associated with existing standards organizations. The most well-known organizations are:
AISI - The American Iron and Steel Institute
ACI - The American Institute of Casting
ANSI - The US National Institute of Standardization
AMS - Specification of aerospace materials
ASME - The American Society of Civil Engineers - Mechanics
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Materials
AWS - American Welding Society
SAE - Society of Engineers - Motorists
The most popular steel notations which are used in USA are below:
AISI notation system:
Carbon and alloy steels:
In AISI notation system carbon and alloy steels, are usually denoted by four digital symbols. First two digits indicate the number of the steel group, and the last two - the average carbon content of steel, multiplied by 100. In this way, 1045 steel refers to a group 10XX high-quality constructional steels (with Mn content less than 1%), and contains about 0.45% carbon.
Steel 4032 (40XX group), with an average content of C - 0.32% and Mo - 0.2 or 0.25% (the actual C content in steel 4032 - 0.30 - 0.35%, Mo - 0.2 - 0.3%).
Steel 8625 is also a kind of alloy steel (group 86XX) with an average content: C - 0.25% (actual values 0.23 - 0.28%), Ni - 0.55% (0.40 - 0.70%), Cr - 0.50% (0.4 - 0.6%), Mo - 0.20% (0.15 - 0.25%).
In addition to the four-digit number in the names of steels one can also meet some letters. Letters L and B means that steel is alloyed with boron, respectively (0.0005 - 0.03%) or with lead (0.15 - 0.35%), they are placed between the second and third digit of its designation, for example: 51B60 or 15L48.
The letters M and E are put ahead of steel name, it means that the steel is intended for the production of non-critical mill products (the letter M) or is made in an electric furnace (the letter E). Letter N in the end of the name means that the characteristic feature of the steel is hardenability.
Stainless steel:
AISI standard of stainless steels includes three digits and sometimes one, two or more letters. The first digit specifies the class notation the steel. Thus, designation of austenitic stainless steels starts with numbers 2XX and 3XX, while ferritic steel and martensistnye belong to class 4XX.
Meanwhile, last two digits, unlike carbon and alloy steels, have nothing to do with chemical composition, and only show an index number of a steel in a group.
Designations in alloy steels:
13HH - Mn: 1.75%
40HH - Mo: 0.2, 0.25% or Mo: 0.25% and S: 0.042%
41HH - Cr: 0.5, 0.8 or 0.95% and Mo: 0.12, 0.20 or 0.30%
43HH - Ni: 1.83%, Cr: 0.50 - 0.80%, Mo: 0.25%
46HH - Ni: 0.85 or 1.83% and Mo: 0.2 or 0.25%
47HH - Ni: 1.05%, Cr: 0.45% and Mo: 0.2 or 0.35%
48HH - Ni: 3.5% and Mo: 0.25%
51HH - Cr: 0.8, 0.88, 0.93, 0.95 or 1.0%
51HHH - Cr: 1.03%
52HHH - Cr: 1.45%
61hh - Cr: 0.6 or 0.95% and V: 0.13% min or 0.15% min
86HH - Ni: 0.55%, Cr: 0.50% and Mo: 0.20%
87HH - Ni: 0.55%, Cr: 0.50% and Mo: 0.25%
88XX - Ni: 0.55%, Cr: 0.50% and Mo: 0.35%
92XX - Si: 2.0% or Si: 1.40% and Cr: 0.70%
50BXX - Cr: 0.28 or 0.50%
51BXX - Cr: 0.80%
81BXX - Ni: 0.30%, Cr: 0.45% and Mo: 0.12%
94BXX - Ni: 0.45%, Cr: 0.40% and Mo: 0.12%
Additional letters and numbers that follow the figures used to indicate the stainless steels AISI mean:
XXXL - Low carbon content <0.03%
xxxS - Average carbon content of <0.08%
xxxN - Added nitrogen
xxxLN - Low carbon content <0.03% + added nitrogen
xxxF - Increased sulfur and phosphorus content
xxxSe - Added selenium
xxxB - added silicon
xxxH - Advanced carbon content range
xxxCu - added copper
Some examples:
Steel 304 relates to austenitic its, carbon content is <0.08%. At the same time, 304 L carbon content is only <0.03%, and a carbon steel 304 H carbon is in interval 0.04 - 0.10%. Above mentioned steel may also be doped with nitrogen (its name will be 304 N then) or with copper (304 Cu).
The steel 410 relates to the martensitic - ferritic class, carbon content is 0.15% and steel 410 S - carbon <0.08%. Steel F 430 in contrast to 430 high has a higher content of sulfur and phosphorus in the steel and 430 F steel has also selenium added.
ASTM notation system: Designation of steels in ASTM system includes: letter A, which means black metal; serial number of the normative document of ASTM (standard); and steel grade itself.
Usually ASTM standard adopts an American system of physical quantities. If the standard uses the metric system of notation, there is the letter M after its number. ASTM standards, as a rule, determine not only the chemical composition of the steel, but also a complete list of requirements for steel products. To indicate the proper grades and determine their chemical composition one can use both a private notation ASTM (in this case, the chemical composition of steels and their labeling is determined directly in the standard) and other notations, such as AISI - for rods, wire, billet and etc., or ACI -. for castings made of stainless steel.
Examples:
A 516 / A 516M - 90 Grade 70 Here A determines that it is a black metal; 516 - this is the serial number ASTM standard (516M - this is the same standard, but in the metric system of notation); 90 - year of publication of the standard; Grade 70 - grade stali.V this case uses its own notation ASTM steels are 70 determines the minimum tensile strength steel with a tensile test (in ksi grade, which is about 485 MPa).
A 276 Type 304 L. This standard is used in steel grade designation system AISI - 304 L.
A 351 Grade CF8M. Here the notation used ACI: the first letter C means that the steel refers to a group of corrosion-resistant, 8 - determines the average carbon content (0.08%), M - means that steel is added molybdenum.
A 335 / A 335M grade P22; A 213 / A 213M grade T22; A 336 / A 336M class F22. In these examples, it uses its own marking ASTM steels. First letter means that the steel is intended for the production of pipes (P or T) or forgings (F).
A 269 grade TP304. It uses a combination notation. Letter TP is determined that the steel is intended for the production pipe, 304 - a steel AISI designation system.
Universal UNS designation system:
UNS - a universal system of notation of metals and alloys. It was established in 1975 to unify the different notation systems used in the United States. According to UNS steel designations consist of letters determines the group of steel and five digits.
The UNS system, the easiest way to classify steel AISI. For structural and alloyed steels, included in the G group, the first four digits of the name - a designation AISI steel system replaces the last digit of the letters that appear in notation on the AISI. Since the letters of L and B, indicating that the steel doped with boron or lead, match the numbers 1 and 4, and the letter of the E, meaning that the steel in an electric furnace Furnace - figure 6.
Names of stainless steel AISI-start with the letter S, and include the designation of steel AISI (first three digits) and two additional digits that correspond to the letters in the additional designation on the AISI.
Legend steels UNS system:
Dxxxxx - Steel with prescribed mechanical properties
Gxxxxx - carbon and alloy steel AISI (except instrumental)
Hxxxxx - As above, but for calcined steels
Jxxxxx - Foundry steel
Kxxxxx - steels that are not included in AISI
Sxxxxx - Heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant stainless steel
Txxxxx - Tool steel
Wxxxxx - Welding materials
Additional letters and numbers that follow the numbers used to describe stainless steels UNS mean:
hxx01 - Low carbon content <0.03%
hxx08 - Average carbon content of <0.08%
hxx09 - Advanced carbon content range
hxx15 - added silicon
hxx20 - Increased sulfur and phosphorus content
hxx23 - Added selenium
hxx30 - added copper
hxx51 - Added nitrogen
hxx53 - Low carbon content <0.03% + added nitrogen
Examples:
Carbon Steel 1045 is designated as the system UNS G 10450, and alloy steel 4032 - G 40320.
Steel 51B60, doped with boron, called the system UNS G 51601 and steel 15L48, alloyed with lead, - G 15484.
Stainless steels are designated: 304 - S 30400, 304 L - S 30401, 304 H - S 30409, and 304 Cu - S 30430.
| Steel grades | USA standards | ||
| CIS countries | European standards | ||
| Р0 М2 СФ10-МП | - | - | А11 |
| Р2 М9-МП | S2-9-2 | 1.3348 | М7 |
| Р2 М10 К8-МП | S2-10-1-8 | 1.3247 | М42 |
| Р6 М5-МП | S6-5-2 | 1.3343 | М2 |
| Р6 М5 К5-МП | S6-5-2-5 | 1.3243 | - |
| Р6 М5 Ф3-МП | S6-5-3 | 1.3344 | М3 |
| Р6 М5 Ф4-МП | - | - | М4 |
| Р6 М5 Ф3 К8-МП | - | - | М36 |
| Р10 М4 Ф3 К10-МП | S10-4-3-10 | 1.3207 | - |
| Р6 М5 Ф3 К9-МП | - | - | М48 |
| Р12 М6 Ф5-МП | - | - | М61 |
| Р12 Ф4 К5-МП | S12-1-4-5 | 1.3202 | - |
| Р12 Ф5 К5-МП | - | - | Т15 |
| Р18-МП | - | - | Т1 |
Structural steel:
| Steel grades | USA standards | ||
| CIS countries | European standards | ||
| 10 | C10E | 1.1121 | 1010 |
| 10XГН1 | 10 ХГН1 | 1.5805 | - |
| 14 ХН3 М | 14 NiCrMo1-3-4 | 1.6657 | 9310 |
| 15 | C15 Е | 1.1141 | 1015 |
| 15 Г | С16 Е | 1.1148 | 1016 |
| 16 ХГ | 16 МnCr5 | 1.7131 | 5115 |
| 16XГР | 16Mn CrB5 | 1.7160 | - |
| 16 ХГН | 16NiCr4 | 1.5714 | - |
| 17 Г1 С | S235J2G4 | 1.0117 | - |
| 17 ХН3 | 15NiCr13 | 1.5752 | Е3310 |
| 18 ХГМ | 18CrMo4 | 1.7243 | 4120 |
| 18 Х2 Н2 М | 18CrNiMo7-6 | 1.6587 | - |
| 20 | C22E | 1.1151 | 1020 |
| 20 ХМ | 20MoCr3 | 1.7320 | 4118 |
| 20 ХГНМ | 20MoCr2-2 | 1.6523 | 8617 |
| 25 | C25E | 1.1158 | 1025 |
| 25 ХМ | 25CrMo4 | 1.7218 | 4130 |
| 28 Г | 28Mn6 | 1.1170 | 1330 |
| 30 | C30E | 1.1178 | 1030 |
| 34 Х | 34Cr4 | 1.7033 | 5130 |
| 34 Х2 Н2 М | 34CrNiMo6 | 1.6582 | 4340 |
| 35 | C35E | 1.1181 | 1035 |
| 36 ХНМ | 36CrNiMo4 | 1.6511 | 9840 |
| 36 Х2 Н4 МА | 36NiCrMo16 | 1.6773 | - |
| 40 | C40E | 1.1186 | 1040 |
| 42 ХМ | 42CrMo4 | 1.7225 | 4140 |
| 45 | C45E | 1.1191 | 1045 |
| 46 Х | 46Cr2 | 1.7006 | 5045 |
| 50 | C50E | 1.1206 | 1050 |
| 50 ХГФ | 50CrV4 | 1.8159 | 6150 |
Basic assortment of stainless steel grades:
| CIS countries | European standards (EN) | Germany(DIN) | USA (AISI) |
| 03 Х17 Н13 М2 | 1.4404 | X2 CrNiMo 17-12-2 | 316 L |
| 03 Х17 Н14 М3 | 1.4435 | X2 CrNiMo 18-4-3 | - |
| 03 Х18 Н11 | 1.4306 | X2 CrNi 19-11 | 304 L |
| 03 Х18 Н10 Т-У | 1.4541-MOD | - | - |
| 06 ХН28 МДТ | 1.4503 | X3 NiCrCuMoTi 27-23 | - |
| 06 Х18 Н11 | 1.4303 | X4 CrNi 18-11 | 305 L |
| 08 Х12 Т1 | 1.4512 | X6 CrTi 12 | 409 |
| 08 Х13 | 1.4000 | Х6 Cr 13 | 410S |
| 08 Х17 Н13 М2 | 1.4436 | X5CrNiMo 17-13-3 | 316 |
| 08 Х17 Н13 М2 Т | 1.4571 | Х6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-2 | 316Ti |
| 08 Х17 Т | 1.4510 | Х6 СrTi 17 | 430Ti |
| 08 Х18 Н10 | 1.4301 | X5 CrNi 18-10 | 304 |
| 08 Х18 Н12 Т | 1.4541 | Х6 CrNiTi 18-10 | 321 |
| 10 Х23 Н18 | 1.4842 | X12 CrNi 25-20 | 310S |
| 10X13 | 1.4006 | X10 Cr13 | 410 |
| 12 Х18 Н10 Т | 1.4878 | X12 CrNiTi 18-9 | - |
| 12 Х18 Н9 | - | - | 302 |
| 15 Х5 М | 1.7362 | Х12 СrMo 5 | 501 |
| 15 Х25 Т | 1.4746 | Х8 CrTi 25 | - |
| 20X13 | 1.4021 | Х20 Cr 13 | 420 |
| 20 Х17 Н2 | 1.4057 | X20 CrNi 17-2 | 431 |
| 20 Х23 Н13 | 1.4833 | X7 CrNi 23-14 | 309 |
| 20 Х23 Н18 | 1.4843 | X16 CrNi 25-20 | 310 |
| 20 Х25 Н20 С2 | 1.4841 | X56 CrNiSi 25-20 | 314 |
| 03 Х18 АН11 | 1.4311 | X2 CrNiN 18-10 | 304LN |
| 03 Х19 Н13 М3 | 1.4438 | X2 18-5-4 | 317L |
| 03 Х23 Н6 | 1.4362 | X2 CrNiN 23-4 | - |
| 02 Х18 М2 БТ | 1.4521 | X2 CrMoTi 18-2 | 444 |
| 02 Х28 Н30 МДБ | 1.4563 | X1 NiCrMoCu 31-27-4 | - |
| 03 Х17 Н13 АМ3 | 1.4429 | X2 CrNiMoN 17-13-3 | 316LN |
| 03 Х22 Н5 АМ2 | 1.4462 | X2 CrNiMoN 22-5-3 | - |
| 03 Х24 Н13 Г2 С | 1.4332 | Х2 CrNi 24-12 | 309L |
| 08 Х16 Н13 М2 Б | 1.4580 | X1 CrNiMoNb 17-12-2 | 316 Сd |
| 08 Х18 Н12 Б | 1.4550 | X6 CrNiNb 18-10 | 347 |
| 08 Х18 Н14 М2 Б | 1.4583 Х10 CrNiMoNb | Х10 CrNiMoNb 18-12 | 318 |
| 08X19AH9 | - | - | 304N |
| 08X19H13M3 | 1.4449 | X5 CrNiMo 17-13 | 317 |
| 08X20H11 | 1.4331 | X2 CrNi 21-10 | 308 |
| 08X20H20TЮ | 1.4847 | X8 СrNiAlTi 20-20 | 334 |
| 08X25H4M2 | 1.4460 | X3 CrnImOn 27-5-2&a |
